NAT 5 particles - content.

Particles - Japanese. (joshi) NAT5
Contents
1. The topic and subject markers は ()ा) and が ()ा)
2. The direct object marker を (w)
3. The indirect object marker に (නි)
4. The destination marker へ (e)
5. The question marker か (කා)
6. The possessive marker の (no)
7. The exhaustive list conjunction と (தொ)
8. The incomplete list marker や (ya)
9. The "also" marker も (mo)
10. The means particle で ())
11. Origin and limit ら and で (මදෙ)
Ananda Wijayaratna.

1. The topic and subject markers は and
The particle (ha)  "は" (pronounced as "わ" (wa) .
 while "が" is the subject marker and marks a noun that performs an action.
Do you use   "-"  Apply? - Ga -  "が"  .  Beginners may have trouble deciding whether to apply.

   
මාතෘකාවක් හඳුන්වාදීමේදී "は" යන මාතෘකා අංශුව භාවිතා කරන අතර වාක්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කරයි
The subject marker "が"
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ね こ は た べ て い ます。 The cat is eating .. Neko va tabetheimas. ... This signifies the above. Cat
こ が た べ て ま。 。The cat is eating .. Neko ga tabetheimas. ... emphasizes that eating here is a cat. Are
は は よ よ ouYou are strong. Let him ...... km tsuyoyi local śaktivantayi.
きみつがいよ. You are strong (only you and not anyone else) .... You śaktivantayā (that says)
あれはんでわだ. That's the telephone .... On the day of the air. ... That's a telephone . The
れ が で ん わ。。 That's the telephone (and not anything else). It shows that grief is that.
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
わ た し あ が き で す。 I like you. (Or literally: as for me, like you.)
I like you
. I dislike / hate wasabi. (wasabi = radish)
 I do not like wasabi. English
な た は え い じ ょ う で す。 Your English is good! (Or: As for you, English good!) You are fluent in English.
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
One has to be careful using both "は" and "が" in one sentence. If a verb is actually acting on the (direct) subject,
 usually a different particle (like を) has to be used.
"は" is generally more flexible, because the "it" can be assumed, and is therefore
recommended to novices who have not grasped the difference between the two.
"は" also has the specialized function of being used for comparisons as well.
 The "は" is usually more flexible, it can be assumed to be "it" and is therefore
recommended for beginners who do not understand the difference between the two.
There is also a special function used to compare "は".
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------。
こ い ま。。 There is a cat.
い ぬ い い す。 There is a dog.
ね こ は た て い ま, Cat ぬ は べ い ま ま せ ん。 The cat is eating,
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
Often the grammatical subject may also be the topic. In this case, "は" normally replaces "が".
Often when a grammar subject is the subject, "は" is usually replaced by "が".
Should be used
However, if the subject knows nothing, you cannot use "" and must use "が".
However, if the subject is never known, you cannot use "は" and must use "が".
  Use this exactly. "It" cannot be mentioned.
(Va) は ... This letter is "ha". But when a sentence is used as a preposition,
it is pronounced as ... va ...
Eg- I am Anura ... (Theme ... Anura ... is.) Watashi Va Anura Des.
(... Let's call it Su ... Liya ...
S ... ) * He is a student ... Kare Va Gakuse Des.
* She is a teacher. ... Kanojo wa Kyoshi Des.
* It is a flower. ... Are va hana des. (Su)
* The flower is beautiful. .... Hannah Wa Kire Des.
.................................................. .................................................. .........................................

が (g) .. by the nipata The action or theme is highlighted.
E.g. Watashi Ga Suriranka Jing Des. .... I am the Sri Lankan
* kore ga kagi des. .... This is the key. (Like idea)
が (g) .. Nipathaya ... Imas (is) .... / Arimas (is) used in sentences.
Also when questioned ... Nani Ga
Imas Ka (who is there?) Is used as Nani Ga Arimas Ka (what is there?).
Dare Ga (Who is there?) ... Inu Ga Imas. (There is a dog / dogs)
が (ga) .. Nipathaya ..... but ... applies even when giving the idea.
Okane (money) ga atte‌ mo kaimasen .... have money but do not buy.
2. The direct object marker を karma - feeling.direct.
The particle "を" (predominantly pronounced "お") is the direct object marker and
 marks the recipient of an action. -
 Focuses on action. To drink sake. Drink sake..
っ し を よ む む む ass ass ass ass To read a magazine. Read a magazine./
Reader
The cat is drinking water .-- The cat is drinking water.
It also indicates the place through which the action occurs:
そ ら を と ぶ රා රාරාरा ොො බු තොබු ... ... To fly through the sky .... සේසේ To පියාඹඹඹන
み ち を あ く。 ච。චිි ව ො රුකුකු ... ... To walk down the street .. .. walking down the street.
ち ち を で る。 Uchi o Deru .... Uchi o deru .... leaving the house.
The Sinhala system has 3 main parts in a sentence ....
preposition / karma / narration (action)
sister ... does lessons ... (Lessons .. is a karmic
word ) Therefore, the root を (w) is added to the word lesson.
#AnaWaBenkyoWorks.
#Watshi wa nihong go wo hanasimus. (I speak Japanese)
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .............

3. The indirect object marker に Indirect object marker.
"に" marks the verb's indirect object (ie the destination of a targeted verb action) translating as
"to", "in", "at" or "by". It also indicates the location touched or affected by an event or action:
ほしにとんでいく. Fly to the stars.
友だちにプレゼントをあげる. Give a present to a friend.
せんせいにいう. To tell (something) to the teacher .
学校 い る。。 To be at school.
う ち い。。 To be at home.
う び に あ。 To meet on Saturday
"に" can also be used as an "object of a preposition" marker when found in prepositional
phrases like の 前 に (no mae ni), which means "in front of" or "before" depending on the
context of the sentence. The particle "へ" described below is used exclusively for marking the destination.

There are times when the word karma is implied.

# කරෙ වා තබෙ නි ඉකිමස්. (He was eating / food to go)
# anatā annual GDP oyogi soon eat. (Are you going to swim?)
* Location / Time ... Time ... Indicate に (n) Nipatha.
Uchi Ni (に) Imas. (At home)
Nihon Ni (d ) Imas. (In Japan)
Hachi Ji Ni () Okimus. Wake up at eight.
Kodomo no uchi (d) ni ... in childhood.
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .............

4. The destination marker へ
へ (pronounced "え" when used as a particle) indicates the direction of an action,
 roughly the equivalent of "to" or "toward" in English.
お あ さ ん ん み せ へ い く。 Mother is going to the store.
東京 へ い。。 To go to Tokyo.

Somewhere to ... the idea of ​​what.
Gakkōへ(h) --- School in
uciへ(h) --- home to
tōkyōへ(i) .... tōkyōva at .... as.
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5. The question marker か
Placing か at the end of a sentence changes a statement into a question.
Use it at the end of a verb to make it a question, or at the end of an interrogative pro-form to
 make it into a demonstrative pronoun.
私は男ですか Am I of a man?
これはどういうものですか. How do you describe this?
ね こ は す。。 Is there a cat?
ど こ か い ま し し か。 Did you go somewhere?
For more on the question marker, see: Sentence ending particles.

Applies to interrogation.
Nan
Des Ka .... (What?) Ikura Des Ka (Question ... How much?)

Dare des ka (who?) Kore va ginko deska .. (is this the bank /)
- or - there are instances where か (ka) nipataya ... is used.
Suriranka Ka Indo ... (Sri Lanka or India)
....................................... .................................................. .................................................. ....

6. The possessive markerの
"の", is most commonly used as a possessive marker (similar to the English " 's").
せんせいのりんご. The teacher's apple
わたしのかばん. My bag.
かれのとけい. His watch.
The particle can also function as a noun link, indicating that the preceding
noun (or adjectival noun) modifies the following noun.
と う き ょ う て も Buildings in / of Tokyo.
Green ど り green green A green book.
It can also be used for nominalization, converting verbs and (proper) adjectives into nouns.
よ の が が い。 ing Reading is good.
Note that in this last example two particles are used together: の and が: the first makes the action a noun,
and the second tells that this action is what the sentence is all about.
* Pretends right --- No firewood? Whose car?
Yamada San No Kaban ... Mr. Yamada's bag.
* Connects the verses ... Akai No Hana (Red Flower) Sense
No Ananda --- Ananda Teacher.
Tokyo No Hitho .... Tokyo
Wei Person / Person Toyota Kaisha No ....
Nihong Go No Hong of the Toyoto Company ... A Japanese language book / Japanese book.
.................................................. .................................................. ..........................................

7. The exhaustive list conjunction と
This particle acts as a conjunction on the words it separates. Unlike conjunctions of more
 than two words in English, where only the last two are separated with an "and" and the rest
 with commas, the Japanese conjunction separates each word and commas are not used.
こ と そ が み ど で す。 This and that are green.
ほんとざっし. a book and a magazine.
かばんにペンとえんぴつと消しゴムと定規がある. There is a pen, a pencil, an eraser and a ruler in the bag.
This applies to exhaustive lists, when all objects are explicitly mentioned.
The particle is used to indicate parallelism with the subject, often meaning "with":
彼 と を し ま た。 I spoke with him.
彼女 と い た た {I / He / She / They} went with her.
ス ミ さテニスをしました. (I of) played tennis with Smith "
わたしはあなたとけっこんする. I of will marry you. (I of will get married with you)

と(to) conjunction .... and / or with the idea of things.
vataṣiと(to) anatā. --- you and I
Andarageと(to) ikimaskā. whom are ----?
Nanと(to) īmas eat ... What to say it.
# Coralie let nihoṁ NBT second Nanと( to) īmas eat.
What is This in Japan?
wasabiと(to) say that ..... īmas wasabi.
.................................................. .................................................. .............................

8. The incomplete list marker や
This particle is used to connect various words implying that the listing is not exhaustive.
 The particle "ど" may be added after the list to emphasize that the list is incomplete.
Noun Particle Noun ... are ど
ん や ン が あ り す。。 There are books and pens (among other things)
ほ ん ざ っ し。 A book and a magazine (among other things).
卵 ラ ダ や 鳥 (I) need eggs, salad, chicken and such.
The suffix යා (ya) is used to combine several substances.
Pen や (ya) enpitsu යා (ya) hong ど (nado) ga arimas.
(There are pens and pencils and books (ど - no).) The
last one (ど - no) is added.
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .

9. The "also" marker も
is quite simply a marker that says "also". It replaces the particles
 は, and を but can also follow other particles.
This can also be used to form a large list of words all acting as though
one of the basic particles (は, を, or が) were affecting the whole list.
こ こ の み ま す。 The cat also drinks.
わ た も い く I ' m going too.
し ょ ね ん し う じ じ も じ い も だ ん ん⁇ Boys, girls, women and men are human.
Worth noting is that used with an interrogative pro-form (eg who, where, how)
the も particle negates the pro-form

① れ ① ① anybody
eg だ も が っ て る と と General knowledge.
だ も も b nobody
eg れ Nobody's here.
--- Th --- What is the meaning.
She's like me too ....
#Kurasu Ni Konpiutha (も) Mo Arimas .... (There are also class computers.)
#Harattemo (も) Kamai Masen. (It doesn't matter if you pay)
............................................. .................................................. ..............................................

10. The means particle で - (two) nipataya.
The particle で can be used in several situations indicating means. These can be for example an
instrument, a location or a language.
As a note of interest, the で from the copula で あ る is also actually an instrumental-maker.
 で marks the whole previous expression instrumental to the verb. However, this is the classical
 meaning of the copula and rarely explicitly treated this way in modern Japanese.
The idea of ​​... Nihong De (in Japan) was
found at the Othera De .... Temple (Kanojo Wa Ethera De Aimashta)
c Temple.
The idea of ​​- from - pays in dollars.
(Doru De (で) යිरස්මම

だ.) Whatい が く な な い い き ま ま。。 By what means do you go to University?
じ て ん ゃ い き す。 I go by bicycle.
くるまでいく. I of go by car.
わたしはレストランでたべます. I of eat at a restaurant.
スミスさんとこうえんでテニスをしました. I of played tennis with Smith at the park. "
がっこうでならう. To learn at school


11. Origin and limit か ら and ま で
These particles indicate the starting point or border of an action.
This may be a location as well as a time and corresponds roughly with "from" and "until".
う う ょ う か く る。 Come from Tokyo.
やままでいく. to go to the mountains.
じかんはきゅうじからごじまでです.Ji kan wa kyūji kara goji madedesu. the hours are from 9 to 5. from (から) - to up / until (まで) - Made # Uchi Kara Gakko Made --- (From Home to School.)





Hajime # ovari made to ... (Starting from the end of his.)
# ... made getting to hear (from morning till evening)
--- from - the idea of the answer.
Chichi kara (ら) okane wo morai meat .--- I get money from dad .
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